Основная семья: предыстория и перспективы
Аннотация
Рассматривается траектория изменений в составе и величине российской семьи в советский период: переход от преобладания сложной семьи к преобладанию простой семьи, от многодетности к малодетности. Акцентируется воздействие государства на российскую семью через законодательство. Выделяется переход от политики расшатывания семейного уклада в
1918-1920 гг. к формированию имиджа семьи как «основной ячейки общества», вступления в брак как государственного деяния. Подчеркивается воздействие законодательства на репродуктивное поведение, прежде всего незамужних женщин, оказавшихся в ловушке традиционной морали. Отмечается существенное влияние половых диспропорций на брачность после Великой отечественной войны. Развитие российской семьи связывается с жилищными условиями и формированием рынка жилья. Среди нуклеарных семей выделяется семья «родители-дети», которая интерпретируется как основная семья с позиций демографического и социального воспроизводства, непосредственности контактов двух поколений. Подчеркивается равноправность признаков основной семьи: наличие гетерогенной брачной пары и несовершеннолетних детей. По данным Комплексного обследования уровня жизни населения 2018 г. показано, что брачные пары без детей имеют большую долю в выборочной семейной структуре, нежели брачные пары с детьми.
Так что семьи, трактуемые как основные с позиций репродуктивного потенциала, оказываются неосновными по своей представительности.
Возрастает разнообразие семей, основные семьи трансформируются, приобретая новые характеристики, не свойственные традиционным признакам семьи; трансформация затрагивает также характер супружеских и внутрисемейных отношений. Отмечаются узкие места отечественной статистики, затрудняющие анализ брачно-семейных отношений. Делается вывод об амбивалентности современного российского общества, нелинейности процесса модернизации семьи, включающего возвратные тенденции.
Скачивания
Литература
Antsiferov A.N. Bilimovich A.D., Batshev M. O., Ivantsov D.N. (1930). Russian Agriculture during the War. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Andreyev E.M., Darskiy L.E., Khar’kova T.L. (1993). Naseleniye Sovetskogo Soyuza, 1922-1991 [Population of the Soviet Union, 1922-1991]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.).
Andreyev E.M., Darskiy L.E., Khar’kova T.L. (1998). Demograficheskaya istoriya Rossii.. 1927-1959 [Demographic history of Russia 1927-1959]. Moscow: Informatika. (In Russ.)
Antonov A.I. (2016). Krizis familisticheskoy tsivilizatsii v XXI veke. [The crisis of familistic civilization in the 21st century]. Ekonomicheskiye strategii [Economic Strategies], 1, 40-43. (In Russ.).
Antonov A.I., Borisov V.A. (1990). Krizis sem’i i puti ego preodoleniya. Nauchnyy doklad [Family crisis and ways to overcome it. Scientific report]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii AN SSSR. (In Russ.).
Antonov A.I., Borisov V.A. (2011). Lektsii po demografii [Demography lectures]. Moscow: Akademicheskiy proyekt; Al’ma Mater. (In Russ.).
Belova V.A. (1975). Chislo detey v sem’ye [Number of children in the family]. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Belova V.A., Darskiy L.E. (1972). Statistika mneniy v izuchenii rozhdayemosti [Opinion statistics in the study of fertility]. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Berger L.M., McLanahan S. (2015). Income, Relationship Quality and Parenting Associations with Child Development in Two-Parent Families. Journal of Married and Family, 77(4), 996-1015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12197
Bim-Bad B.M., Gavrov S.I. (2010). Modernizatsiya instituta sem’i. [Modernization of the family institution]. Moscow: Intellektual’naya kniga, Novyy khronograf. (In Russ.).
Borisov V.A. (1976). Perspektivy rozhdayemosti. [Fertility prospects]. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Boym S. (2002). Obshchiye mesta. Mify povsednevnoy zhizni. [Common places. Myths of everyday life]. Moscow: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye. (In Russ.).
Burmykina O.N. (2015). Mezhpokolennyye vzaimodeystviya v sem’ye: podderzhka i sotsial’nyye seti. [Intergenerational Family Interactions: Support and Social Media] In I.I. Eliseyeva, An’tsi Syuy (Red.), Sem’ya v Rossii i Kitaye. Protsess modernizatsii [Family in Russia and China. Modernization process] (pp. 199-232). St-Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya. (In Russ.)
Burmykina O.N. (2018). Dinamika predstavleniy peterburgskikh studentov o sem’ye i mezhpokolennykh otnosheniyakh (2007-2017 gg.) [Dynamics of ideas of St. Petersburg students about the family and intergenerational relationships (2007-2017).]. Peterburgskaya sotsiologiya segodnya, 9, 27-46. (In Russ.).
Burton N. (2020). What Future for Family? Families are becoming much more diverse. URL: https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/hide-and-seek/201708/what-future-the-family
Chikalova E.A. (2016). Ottsovstvo v fokuse zapadnykh sotsiologicheskikh i psikhologicheskikh issledovaniy: problemy i perspektivy [Fatherhood in the Focus of Western Sociological and Psychological Research: Problems and Prospects]. Peterburgskaya sotsiologiya segodnya, 7, 201-215. (In Russ.).
Chizhova Zh.G., Shestakova V.N., Punina M.A. (2010). Osobennosti sem’i i braka na sovremennom etape razvitiya obshchestva [Features of family and marriage at the present stage of development of society]. Vestnik Smolenskoy meditsinskoy akademii, 4, 57-66. (In Russ.).
De Tangi A. (2012). Velikaya migratsiya: Rossiya i rossiyane posle padeniya zheleznogo zanavesa [The Great Migration: Russia and Russians after the Fall of the Iron Curtain]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.
Dekrety sovetskoy vlasti [Soviet decrees] (1957). Vol.1. Moscow: Politizdat. (In Russ.).
Eliseeva I.I. (2018a). Izmeneniya rozhdayemosti i sem’i. [Fertility and family changes]. In I.I. Eliseeva (Ed.), Novaya znachimost’ sem’i dlya Rossii i Kitaya [The new significance of the family for Russia and China] (pp. 65-87). St.-Petersburg: Renome. (In Russ.)
Eliseeva I.I. (2018b). Rozhdeniya i nerozhdeniya. [Births and non-births]. Peterburgskaya sotsiologiya segodnya, 10, 204-221. (In Russ.).
Eliseeva I.I., Vasil’yeva E.K. (2014). Osnovnyye napravleniya issledovaniya domashnikh khozyaystv po materialam vserossiyskikh perepisey naseleniya [The main directions of research of households based on the materials of all-Russian population censuses]. Voprosy statistiki, 5, 32-40. (In Russ.).
Erofeyeva L.V. (2017). Politika v sfere reproduktivnogo zdorov’ya v Rossii i mezhdunarodnyy opyt [Reproductive health policy in Russia and international experience]. Demographic Journal, 2, 22-29. (In Russ.).
Golod S.I. (1998). Sem’ya i brak: istoriko-sotsiologicheskiy analiz. [Family and marriage: a historical and sociological analysis]. St.-Petersburg: TOO TK «Petropolis». (In Russ.).
Golod S.I. (2005). Chto bylo porokami, stalo normami [What was vices became norms]. Moscow: Ladomir. (In Russ.).
Guggenbyul’-Kreyg A. (2007). Brak umer - da zdravstvuyet brak! [The marriage is dead - long live the marriage!]. Moscow: Kogito-Tsentr. (In Russ.).
Gurko T.A. (2010). Teoreticheskiye podkhody k izucheniyu sem’i. [Theoretical approaches to the study of the family]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN. (In Russ.).
Gurko T.A. (2017). Novyye semeynyye formy: tendentsii rasprostraneniya i ponyatiya. [New family forms: distribution trends and concepts]. Sociological Studies, 11, 99-110. (In Russ.).
Gurko T.A. (2020). Ponyatiye ambivalentnosti v izuchenii semeynykh otnosheniy. [The concept of ambivalence in the study of family relationships]. Sociological Studies, 2, 63-73. (In Russ.).
Interv’yu tov. I.V. Stalina s korrespondentom gazety «Pravda» otnositel’no rechi g. Cherchillya [Interview Comrade JV Stalin with the correspondent of the newspaper "Pravda" regarding the speech of Mr. Churchill] (1946). Bol’shevik, 5, Mart, 1-5. (In Russ.).
Kavelin K.D. (2019). Mysli i zametki o russkoy istorii [Thoughts and notes on Russian history]. Moscow: Yurayt. (In Russ.).
Kletsin A.A. (2000). Ocherk istorii sotsiologii sem’i [Essay on the history of family sociology]. St.-Petersburg: Petropolis. (In Russ.).
Kletsin A.A. (2003). Raspredeleniye domashnikh obyazannostey mezhdu suprugami: fakty, problemy, interpretatsiya. [Distribution of household responsibilities between spouses: facts, problems, interpretation]. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial’noy antropologii, VI(2). URL: http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/557/818/1219/Kletsin.pdf (In Russ.).
Laptev I.(1946). Sila i zhiznennost’ kolkhoznogo stroya [The strength and vitality of the collective farm system]. Bol’shevik, 4, 25-37. (In Russ.).
Mazur L.N. (2015). Istoriya rossiyskoy sem’i: problemy tipologii. [History of the Russian family: problems of typology]. Vyp. 15. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta. (In Russ.).
Mironov B. N. (2017). Rossiyskaya revolyutsiya 1917 goda skvoz’ prizmu demograficheskoy modernizatsii [The Russian revolution of 1917 through the prism of demographic modernization]. Demographic Review, 4 (4), 6-58. (In Russ.).
Mironov B.N. (2015). Rossiyskaya imperiya: ot traditsii k modernosti. V 3 tomakh. T.2 [Russian Empire: From Tradition to Modernity. In 3 volumes. T.2.]. St.-Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo «Dmitriy Bulanin». (In Russ.).
Nechayeva N.A. (2019). Gendernaya kartina mira: k opredeleniyu ponyatiya i ego struktury [Gender picture of the world: towards the definition of the concept and its structure]. Peterburgskaya sotsiologiya segodnya, 12,114-133. (In Russ.).
Noks A. (2014). Vmeste s russkoy armiyey. 1914-1917. Dnevnik voyennogo attashe [Together with the Russian army. 1914-1917. Diary of a military attaché]. Moscow: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf. (In Russ.).
OECD (2011). The Future of Families to 2030. URL: https://www.oecd.org/futures/49093502.pdf
Rosset E. (1974). Printsipy i problemy perspektivnoy politiki narodonaseleniya. Per. s pol’sk. [Principles and problems of prospective population policy. Tran. from Polish]. In V.S. Steshenko, V.P. Piskunova (Eds.), Demograficheskaya politika [Demographic policy]. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Rosstat (2002). Vserossiyskaya perepis’ naseleniya 2002 goda [2002 All-Russian Population Census]. URL: http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=11 (In Russ.).
Rosstat (2008). Sem’ya v Rossii. 2008 [The Family in Russia. 2008]. URL:http://rosstat.gov.ru/bgd/regl/b08_69/MAIN.htm (In Russ.).
Rosstat (2010). Vserossiyskaya perepis’ naseleniya 2010 goda [2010 All-Russian Population Census]. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm (In Russ.).
Rosstat (2019). Demograficheskiy ezhegodnik Rossii.2019 [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia. 2019]. URL:http://rosstat.gov.ru/bgd/regl/B19_16/MAIN.htm
Rudyk O.I. Evolyutsiya instituta braka v sovetskom semeynom prave (1917-1996) [The evolution of the institution of marriage in Soviet family law] (avtoref. diss. na soiskaniye uch. step. kand. yuridich. nauk). Nizhegorodskaya akademiya MVD RF. (In Russ.)
Ruzhzhe V.L., Eliseeva I.I., Kadibur T.S. (1983). Struktura i funktsii semeynykh grupp [The structure and functions of family groups]. Moscow: Finansy i statistika. (In Russ.).
Rybakovskiy L.L. (2001). Velikaya Otechestvennaya: lyudskiye poteri Rossii [Great Patriotic War: human losses in Russia]. Sociological Studies, 6, 85-95. (In Russ.).
Sakevich V.I. (2017). Tendentsii i problemy v sfere vnutrirossiyskogo regulirovaniya rozhdayemosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Trends and problems in the field of domestic Russian birth control in the Russian Federation]. Demograficheskiy zhurnal, 2, 14-20. (In Russ.).
Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. (1988). Pis’ma k teten’ke. Sobr. soch. v desyati tomakh. Tom sed’moy [Letters to my aunt. Coll. op. in ten volumes. Volume seven.]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo «Pravda». URL: http://az.lib.ru/s/saltykow_m_e/text_0385.shtml (In Russ.).
Sinel’nikov A.B. (2015). Predely rasshireniya granits sem’i i braka [The limits of expanding the boundaries of family and marriage]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 18. Sotsiologiya i politologiya, 1, 90-108. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1928a). Vsesoyuznaya perepis’ naseleniya 1926 goda. T.5 [All-Union Population Census of 1926. Vol. 5]. Moscow-Leningrad. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1928b). Zhilishchnyy fond SSSR. Census Division. Issue 6. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1933). Vsesoyuznaya perepis’ naseleniya 1926 g. T.55 [All-Union Population Census of 1926. Vol. 55]. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1962). Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1959 goda. SSSR [Results of the 1959 All-Union Population Census. USSR]. Moscow: Gosstatizdat. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1963). Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1959 goda. RSFSR. [Results of the 1959 All-Union Population Census. RSFSR]. Moscow: Gosstatizdat. (In Russ.).
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye (1974). Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1970 goda. T. VII [Results of the 1970 All-Union Population Census. Vol. VII. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Tsetkin K. (1955). Vospominaniya o Lenine [Memories of Lenin]. Moscow: Gospolitizdat. (In Russ.).
Uells G. (1958). Rossiya vo mgle [Russia in the darkness]. Moscow: Gospolitizdat. (In Russ.).
Vasil’yeva E.K. ( 1985). Sem’ya v sotsialisticheskom obshchestve. [Family in a socialist society]. Moscow: Mysl’. (In Russ.).
Vasil’yeva E.K. (1975). Sem’ya i eye funktsii [Family and its functions]. Moscow: Statistika. (In Russ.).
Vishnevsky A.G. (2006). Demograficheskaya modernizatsiya Rossii [Demographic modernization of Russia. 1990-2000]. 1990-2000 Moscow: Novoye izdatel’stvo. (In Russ.).
Vishnevsky A.G. (2008a). Evolyutsiya rossiyskoy sem’i. [Evolution of the Russian family: XX century: from a peasant family to an urban one]. Ekologiya i zhizn’, 7 URL: https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/430650/Evolyutsiya_rossiyskoy_semi (In Russ.).
Vishnevsky A.G. (2008b). Evolyutsiya rossiyskoy sem’i: KhKh vek: ot krest’yanskoy sem’i k gorodskoy [Evolution of the Russian family: XX century: from a peasant family to an urban one]. Ekologiya i zhizn’, 8 URL: https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/430651/Evolyutsiya_rossiyskoy_semi_prodolzhenie 1 (In Russ.).
Vishnevsky A.G. (2019). Demograficheskaya istoriya i demograficheskaya teoriya. [Demographic history and demographic theory] uchebnik VSHE. Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. (In Russ.).
Vishnevsky A.G., Zakharov S.V., Ivanova E.I. (2008). Evolyutsiya rossiyskoy sem’i: sovremennaya rossiyskaya sem’ya. Obshchaya kartina [The evolution of the Russian family: the modern Russian family. The big picture]. Ekologiya i zhizn’, 9. URL: https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/430652/Evolyutsiya_rossiyskoy_semi_okonchanie (In Russ.).
Volkov A.G. (1999). Evolyutsiya rossiyskoy sem’i v XX veke. [Evolution of the Russian family in the XX century]. Mir Rossii, VIII(4), 47-57. (In Russ.).
Volkov A.G. (2014). O nekotorykh prichinakh snizheniya koeffitsiyenta rozhdayemosti. [On some reasons for the decline in the birth rate]. In Volkov A.G., Izbrannyye demograficheskiye trudy (pp. 521-529). Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki.
Volkov A.G., Soroko E.L. (1999). Tipologiya semey i domokhozyaystv v Rossii: razvitiye i analiz [Typology of families and households in Russia: development and analysis]. Voprosy statistiki, 5, 40-52. (In Russ.).
Voronina O.A. (2018). Gendernaya kul’tura v Rossii: traditsii i novatsii [Gender Culture in Russia: Traditions and Innovations]. Moscow: IF RAN. (In Russ.).
Yyensen R. (2002). Obshchestvo mechty [Dream Society]/ per s angl. St.-Petersburg: Stokgol’mskaya shkola ekonomiki. (In Russ.).
Zakharov S.V. (2007). Transformatsiya brachno-partnerskikh otnosheniy v Rossii: «zolotoy vek» traditsionnogo braka blizitsya k zakatu? [Transformation of marriage and partnership relations in Russia: is the “golden age” of traditional marriage approaching its end?] In T.M. Malevaya, O.V. Sinyavskaya (Eds.), Roditeli i deti, muzhchiny i zhenshchiny v sem’ye i obshchestve. Vyp. 1 [Parents and children, men and women in the family and society. Iss. 1] (pp. 75-126). Moscow: NISP. (In Russ.).
Zakharov S.V. (2016). Rozhdayemost’ v Rossii v period pronatalizma [Fertility in Russia during the period of pronatalism]. Rossiya 2016. Ezhegodnyy doklad Franko-rossiyskogo analiticheskogo tsentra Observo, Pod ruk. A. Dyub’yena (pp. 320-325). Moscow– Parizh: Observo. Analiticheskiy tsentr pri franko-rossiyskoy torgovo-promyshlennoy palate. (In Russ.).
Zherebin V.M. (Ed.) (2010). Resursnyy potentsial zhiznennogo tsikla sem’i [Resource potential of the family life cycle]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.).
Zhid A. (1990). Vozvrashcheniye iz SSSR [Return from the USSR]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoy literatury. (In Russ.).
Zhiromskaya V.M. (Ed.) (2001). Naseleniye Rossii v XX v. Istoricheskiye ocherki. T.2. 1940-1959 [The population of Russia in the twentieth century. Historical sketches. Vol. 2. 1940-1959.]. Moscow: ROSSPEN. (In Russ.).
Zinov’yev A.A. (2019). Sovetskaya epokha. Ispoved’ otshchepentsa [Soviet era. Renegade confession]. Moscow: Rodina. (In Russ.).
