Вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии: новые возможности
Аннотация
В статье содержится попытка оценки возможностей вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (ВРТ) влиять на рождения, выполненная с учетом последних доступных мировых, европейских и российских статистических данных. ВРТ рассматриваются в историческом и этическом контекстах, от которых во многом зависит распространенность их использования и готовность населения решать с их помощью свои репродуктивные проблемы. Анализ существующей статистики, возможно, неполной и недостаточной, позволяет с осторожностью предположить, что в мировом масштабе многие показатели эффективности ВРТ вышли на некое «плато», рост приостановился, произошла стабилизация. В некоторых странах показатели доступности этих технологий населению также стабилизировались, там, где они приблизились к максимальным, доля ВРТ-детей в рождаемости превышает 4%. «Старые» репродуктивные технологии – ЭКО, ИКСИ, суррогатное материнство и донорство гамет – уже заняли в области репродуктивных опций свою «нишу», потенциал расширения которой невелик. Это связано, в частности, с борьбой с многоплодием и практикой переноса меньшего числа эмбрионов в одном цикле, которая несколько снижает процент наступления беременностей, но зато улучшает состояние здоровья появляющихся детей. Увеличение демографического значения ВРТ может произойти, если: они станут доступны экономически и географически большему количеству людей; при их использовании женщинами относительно молодого репродуктивного возраста (до 34 или хотя бы до 40 лет) будет снижаться роль предрассудков и религиозных запретов; получат развитие новые технологии, например, позволяющие женщинам старшего возраста с помощью ЭКО иметь генетически своих детей (замораживание яйцеклеток, ткани яичника, донорство цитоплазмы).
Скачивания
Литература
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