Ценности пожилых и политические последствия глобального старения населения
Аннотация
Представленный обзор посвящен нескольким проблемам в политической и социальной геронтологии, а также экономическим проблемам, вызванным глобальным старением населения. В тексте анализируются подходы различных авторов к определению старости и ее психологических, поведенческих и социальных аспектов. Рассматриваются вопросы активного старения, социального конструирования стереотипов в отношении пожилых и эйджизма. В документах Всемирной организации здравоохранения понятие «активное старение» определяется как «процесс оптимизации возможностей для здоровья, участия и безопасности в целях повышения качества жизни стареющих людей» [World Health Organization 2002]. Описываются два основных подхода к изучению экономических последствий старения населения: в первом случае изучаются тренды макроуровня, возникающие при изменении соотношения трудоспособного и нетрудоспособного населения, во втором случае в центре внимания оказываются особенности экономического поведения пожилых, включая их поведение на рынке труда, на финансовом и потребительском рынках. Приводятся данные об участии международных структур в исследовании экономических вопросов, связанном с мировыми демографическим изменениями. Основное внимание в обзоре уделяется исследованиям, посвященным политическим последствиям возрастания доли пожилых в современном обществе, в особенности в развитых демократиях. Рассматриваются подходы к описанию политической активности пожилых, включающей участие в выборах, в акциях протеста и др. Значительное внимание уделяется проблеме ценностей пожилых, в особенности их предполагаемому консерватизму. Часть авторов утверждает, что ценности пожилых связаны с возрастными изменениями организма и, таким образом, имеют возрастной характер. Другие авторы, и таких сейчас большинство, полагают, что ценности вырабатываются в процессе социализации «политических поколений» и мало меняются к старости. Также рассматривается вопрос о том, не становятся ли пожилые отдельной группой, имеющей свои интересы и способной навязать обществу свою особую повестку дня. Наконец, приводятся результаты исследований, посвященных когнитивным особенностям пожилых, влияющим на принятие ими политических и иных решений.
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