Социальные неравенства в здоровье: посредническая роль материальных лишений и психологических ресурсов
Аннотация
Многочисленные исследования свидетельствуют о социальном структурировании здоровья – оно заметно ухудшается по мере снижения социально-экономического статуса: уровня образования, доходов, профессионального положения. Основные теоретические подходы к объяснению таких неравенств связаны с материалистической, психосоциальной и поведенческой интерпретациями. В настоящем обзоре представлено современное состояние исследований, посвященных проверке этих подходов. Эмпирический анализ позволил установить, что менее удовлетворительное здоровье в нижних общественных слоях связано не только с повышенными поведенческими рисками (распространенностью курения и злоупотребления алкоголем), но и в значительной мере порождается неблагоприятными материальными условиями жизни представителей этих слоев. Психосоциальные объяснения также получили убедительные подтверждения в эмпирических исследованиях, посвященных изучению медиативных эффектов, связанных со стрессовыми воздействиями и психологическими ресурсами личности. В последнее время эти выводы ставятся под сомнение в связи с тем, что при учете совместного посреднического влияния материальных, психосоциальных и поведенческих факторов выраженность отдельных медиаций оказалась менее отчетливой: психосоциальные и поведенческие эффекты проявлялись не так явно, как при раздельном анализе, уступая по силе посредничеству материальных условий. Но и это заключение требует уточнения, учитывая, что медиативные эффекты могут зависеть от общественного макроконтекста. Не исключено, что материальные и психологические посредники окажутся менее выраженными в странах с сильной экономикой и социальными гарантиями, поскольку уязвимые слои могут рассчитывать в них на защиту со стороны государства и сохранять уверенность в собственных силах, с оптимизмом глядя в будущее. В менее развитых странах, не способных обеспечивать на высоком уровне социальные гарантии, посредником структурных неравенств будут служить не только материальная депривация, но и психологические ресурсы, которые люди с низким общественным положением утрачивают из-за тягот жизни.
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