For fresh approaches to the socio-cultural integration of migrants
Abstract
The article is devoted to an analysis of the main approaches taken by the global North States in their search for effective ways to manage cultural diversity. It is shown that mass immigration from the global South disrupts the cultural mix of host societies, thus presenting serious threats of erosion of their national identity, fragmentation and socio-political destabilization aggravated by the recent migration crisis. The threats of further expansion of predominantly Muslim areas and the strengthening of Islam’s position in Europe are intertwined with the risks of a re-Christianization of this region by representatives of the southern currents of Christianity and the spread of archaic values and practices. The dominance in the US population of white Americans of European descent is being increasingly weakened by the rapidly growing communities of immigrants from Latin America and Asia with their foreign cultures. Neither assimilation, which ignores and suppresses cultural differences, nor the multiculturalism that has replaced it and both recognizes and promotes them, has been able to provide an effective response to the growth of diversity and to avoid the expansion of territorial segregation, cultural isolation of "parallel communities" and social dependency of their members. The assimilation approach is making a comeback on the wave of criticism of multiculturalism. At the same time, fresh integration concepts are being proposed. Omniculturalism emphasizes the commonality of human nature of different ethnic and racial groups, and polyculturalism – the intersection of their stories and relationships, but the practical implementation of both models can have only a limited and controversial effect. Interculturalism, which relies on the readjustment of the city's management system and social structures to the conditions of diversity and the establishment of constructive intercultural interaction from below, has already proven effective at a local level. However, the results of such initiatives are modest and fragile. This makes the prospects for interculturalism uncertain until it is tested at the national level.
Downloads
References
Andreeva L.A. (2018). Migratsionnyye potoki “yuzhnykh” khristian iz stran Tropicheskoy Afriki v sekulyarnuyu Evropu v nachale XXI veka: vstrecha “severnogo” i “yuzhnogo” khristianstva [Migration flows of “Southern” Christians from Tropical Africa to Secular Europe at the beginning of the XXI century: meeting of “Northern” and “Southern” Christianity // Kontury global’nykh transformatsiy [Contours of global transformations]. 11(4): 206-218.
Benet-Martínez V. (2012). Multiculturalism: Cultural, Social, and Personality Processes // Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology / K. Deaux, M. Snyder, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 623-648.
Bernardo A., L. Rosenthal, S. Levy (2013). Polyculturalism and attitudes towards people from other countries // International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 37(3): 335–344.
Berry Е., Epstein М. (2005). Transcultural Experiments: Russian and American Models of Creative Communication. New York: St. Martin’s Press: 352.
Bilewicz M., A. Bilewicz (2012). Who defines humanity? Psychological and cultural obstacles to omniculturalism // Culture Psychology. 18(3): 331-344.
Bodirsky K. (2012). The Intercultural Alternative to Multiculturalism and its Limits. Paper presented at the EASA conference, Paris, 2012. URL: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/chess_easa?utm_source=scholarworks.umass.edu%2Fchess_easa%2F8&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages (accessed: 10.09.2018).
Cantle T. (2012). Interculturalism: The New Era of Cohesion and Diversity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 256 р.
European Social Survey 2014 database (2014). Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University London, UK. URL: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org (accessed: 29.08.2017).
Filippova E.I. (2014). Mul’tikul’turalizm mertv? Diskurs i praktiki mul’tikul’turalizma v Rossii i za rubezhom [Multiculturalism is dead? Discourse and practices of multiculturalism in Russia and abroad] // Chelovek v menyayushchemsya mire [A person in a changing world] / D.A. Funk et al., eds. Tomsk: Izdatel'stvo Tomckogo universiteta: 56-57.
Final Report Evaluation of the Intercultural Cities Programme. Council of Europe, 2015 (2015): 64. URL: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680307e66 (accessed: 15.09.2018).
Guidikova I. (2014). Cultural diversity and cities – the intercultural integration approach // RSCAS Policy Paper (2): 8. URL: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29358/RSCAS_PP_2014_02.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed: 19.10.2018).
Intercultural Cities: Towards a model for intercultural integration (2009) / P. Wood, ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 124 р.
Joki A.-L., A. Wolffhardt (2018). How the Intercultural integration approach leads to a better quality of life in diverse cities. URL: https://rm.coe.int/intercultural-to-the-core-how-the-intercultural-cities-index-can-be-be/168076631b (accessed: 13.10.2018).
Joppke C. (2018) War of words: interculturalism v. multiculturalism // Comparative Migration Studies. 6: 11. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0079-1 (accessed: 19.10.2018).
Kelley R. (1999). Polycultural Me // Utne Reader. 95. URL: http://www.utne.com/politics/the-people-in-me.aspx?PageId=2 (accessed: 19.11.2017).
Kul’turnaya slozhnost’ sovremennykh natsiy [Cultural complexity of modern Nations] (2016) / V.A. Tishkov, E.I. Filippova, eds. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya. 384 p.
Lopez M., A. Gonzalez-Barrera, G. Lуpez (2017). Hispanic Identity Fades Across Generations As Immigrant Connections Fall Away. URL: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2017/12/20/hispanic-identity-fades-across-generations-as-immigrant-connections-fall-away (accessed: 05.04.2018).
Moghaddam F.M. (2012). The Omnicultural Imperative // Culture and Psychology. 18: 304-330. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067X12446230 (accessed:19.11.2017).
Pew Research Center (2016). On views of race and inequality, blacks and whites are worlds part. 2016. URL: http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/06/ST_2016.06.27_Race-Inequality-Final.pdf (accessed: 10.09.2018).
Pew Research Center (2017). Europe’s growing Muslim population. URL: http://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population (accessed: 10.09.2018).
Pew Research Center (2018). At least a million Sub-Saharan Africans moved to Europe since 2010. URL: http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/03/22135249/Africa-Migration-March-22-FULL-REPORT.pdf (accessed: 07.09.2018).
Prashad V. (2003). Bruce Lee and the anti-imperialism of Kung Fu: A polycultural adventure // Positions. 11(1): 51–89.
Rosenthal L., S. Levy (2010). The colorblind, multicultural, and polycultural ideological approaches to improving intergroup attitudes and relations // Social Issues and Policy Review. 4(1): 215--246.
Standard Eurobarometer 89 (2018). Public opinion in the European Union. Annex. 201 р. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm (accessed: 10.10.2018).
Stepler R., M. Lopez (2016). U.S. Latino population growth and dispersion has slowed since onset of the Great Recession. URL: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/09/08/latino-population-growth-and-dispersion-has-slowed-since-the-onset-of-the-great-recession (accessed: 08.09.2018).
Tsapenko I.P. (2017). Intercultural paradigm of migrant integration // Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 87(5): 454–463.
Tsapenko I.P., G.A. Monusova (2017). Integratsionnyy potentsial etnokul’turnogo raznoobraziya v evropeyskikh sotsiumakh [Integration potential of ethno-cultural diversity in European societies] // Polis. Political Studies. (4): 90-105.
UN (2017). Trends in international migrant stock: The 2017 revision. URL: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed: 22.08.2018).
Varshaver E.A., A.L. Rocheva, N.S. Ivanova (2017). Integratsiya migrantov na mestnom urovne: rezul’taty nauchno-prakticheskogo proyekta [Integration of migrants at the local level: the results of the scientific and practical project] // Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya [Sociological Stusies]. 5: 110-117.
Vertovec S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 30(6): 1024-1054.
Vespa J., D. Armstrong, L. Medina (2018). Demographic turning points for the United States: population projections for 2020 to 2060. Population estimates and projections. Current Population Reports. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/P25_1144.pdf (accessed: 10.10.2018).
Waal T. (2018). Is the post-multicultural era pro-diversity // Comparative Migration Studies. 6:15. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0084-4 (accessed: 10.10.2018).
White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue: “Living Together As Equals in Dignity” (2008). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 61 р.
Wood P., C. Landry (2008). The Intercultural city: planning for diversity advantage. London: Earthscan. 360 р.
Working Together for local integration of migrants and refugees (2018). Paris: OECD Publishing. 190 р.
Zapata-Barrero R. (2013). The three strands of intercultural policies: a comprehensive view // GRITIM-UPF Working Paper Series. 17: 37.
Zapata-Barrero R. (2017). Interculturalism in the post-multicultural debate: a defense // Comparative Migration Studies. 5: 14. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-017-0057-z (accessed: 10.10.2018).
