The contribution of overweight and obesity to mortality in Russia in 1994-2023
Abstract
The article presents estimates of mortality directly caused by obesity and overweight in Russia in 1994-2023, obtained using the relative risks methodology. The estimates take into account the relative risks of mortality from coronavirus in contrast to similar Global Burden of Disease indicators.
In 2023, direct losses due to overweight and obesity exceeded 200 thousand deaths, accounting for 11% and 13% of all-cause mortality in men and women. The structure of losses is mainly dominated by coronary disease and other heart diseases, although as life expectancy increased in the pre-coronavirus period, the contribution of other causes of death, including diabetes and neoplasms, became higher. Losses among men are more heavily concentrated at younger ages than among women, including among those in their fifties and sixties.
Demographic losses in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the life expectancy of the non-overweight population (BMI<25) and the obese population (BMI>30) in 2023 were 3.7 and 3.1 years for men and women, respectively.
Losses due to overweight and obesity reached their maximum in 2021, with almost 320,000 deaths (139,000 men and 180,000 women). According to official data during the pandemic, life expectancy for women decreased more sharply, namely by 3.6 years in 2019-2021 compared to 2.6 years for men. It can be assumed that the pandemic affected women more severely due to their greater representation in older age groups and the high prevalence of obesity among older women.
Decomposition of annual changes in life expectancy in 2019-2023 showed that most of the decline in life expectancy in 2021 occurred in females aged 60-74 years and mainly affected overweight and obese groups. In 2020, when coronavirus infection as a cause of death was not diagnosed as frequently and gender differences in life expectancy decline were not as strong, the significant contribution of overweight and obesity to demographic losses was nevertheless also substantial.
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References
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