Расовое профилирование: история и современное состояние исследований
Аннотация
Немногочисленные исследования расового профилирования в России подтвердили существование этой проблемы. Однако её разработка, начатая в середине 2000-х годов, до настоящего времени продвинулась незначительно. Русскоязычный читатель практически не знаком с теоретическими и методологическими подходами к изучению расового профилирования, разработанными за рубежом. Эта статья призвана восполнить недостаток информации о зарубежных исследованиях расового профилирования и является первым обзором литературы по этой теме на русском языке. В статье рассматривается история изучения расовой дискриминации в системе уголовного правосудия в англоязычном научном мире, анализируется выделение расового профилирования в отдельную область исследований в начале 1990-х годов и ее дальнейшее развитие в 2000-х годах. Представлены основные методологические подходы к изучению расового профилирования, их возможности и ограничения. Рассмотрены ключевые теоретические подходы к пониманию расового неравенства в правоохранительной деятельности. В заключение с учетом накопленного опыта приводится ряд рекомендаций по планированию будущих исследований. Обращается внимание на необходимость более четкого разграничения между преднамеренным расовым профилированием, санкционированным государством; политикой отдельных полицейских управлений; личной инициативой сотрудников полиции и статистической дискриминацией, отражающей социальное неравенство. При проведении количественных исследований рекомендуется использовать несколько источников данных и несколько аналитических методов. Подчеркивается необходимость избегать поспешности и предвзятости в выводах. При интерпретации полученных эмпирических данных рекомендуется учитывать все возможные концептуальные объяснения, включая расово нейтральные.
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